Korean Homeopathy Clinic - Yellow Pages of Pakistan, Pakistan Yellow Pages, Phone Book Pakistan, Phonebook.com.pk

Korean Homeopathy Clinic - Yellow Pages of Pakistan, Pakistan Yellow Pages, Phone Book Pakistan, Phonebook.com.pk

DENGUE FEVER

100 Facts About Homeopathy.

Foundations of Homeopathy:- FACT 1: Hippocrates ‘The Father of Medicine’ of Ancient Greece said there were two Laws of Healing: The Law of Opposites and the Law of Similars. Homeopathy utilises the Law of Similars, orthodox medicine uses the Law of Opposites, e.g. antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, anti-convulsants, anti-hypertensives, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics. FACT 2: Discovered by German doctor Samuel Hahnemann over 200 years ago, homeopathic medicine is based upon sound scientific principles of the Laws of Nature – unlike medical theories which are constantly changing. Far from being ideas-based, Homeopathy is a completely evidence-based, empirical medicine – a unique concept when it was founded. FACT 3: In Hahnemann’s first experiment, though perfectly healthy at the time, he found that by giving himself repeated doses of cinchona bark (quinine), he brought on all the symptoms of a malaria attack – fever with heat and chills. FACT 4: Hahnemann was the first to conduct trials on medicines. He set about discovering the healing properties of plants, metals and minerals by testing them on himself and on healthy volunteers or ‘Provers’, recording all the symptoms that each substance caused. He created a ‘Provers Union’. FACT 5: After some years of practising, Hahnemann found the tiny doses of substances he was using caused side effects. He experimented by diluting then succussing a substance (shaking through striking the phial a number of times between numerical potencies). The potentised remedy was safer to use on the sick, unwanted side effects disappeared and medicines were more effective. FACT 6: Hahnemann tested hundreds of substances on himself and healthy volunteer Provers, keeping detailed accounts of his observations. He matching the tested substances to heal symptoms of his patients using the Law of Similars. Homeopathic Prescribing:- FACT 7: Every patient is unique so homeopathic medicines are individualised. The homeopathic practitioner treats the WHOLE PERSON, believing all symptoms are interrelated and seeks to select a medicine which fits the whole state. FACT 8: Homeopathic medicines are chosen on the basis of a patient’s mental, emotional and physical constitutional type, unlike orthodox medicines which treats in a ‘one-size-fits-all’ manner. A homeopathic medicine is chosen which most closely suits the type of person, as well as all their symptoms. FACT 9: Just as there are fat and thin, dark and blonde, tall and thin, chilly and hot, talkative or quiet people, lazy or hurried people, etc., etc., there are homeopathic medicines to match all types. FACT 10: Homeopathic medicine awakens and stimulates the powers of the whole body by communicating a current/pattern/frequency of energy, which acts as a catalyst to set healing into motion and jump start the body’s own inherent curative mechanisms. FACT 11: Homeopathy assists the body to heal itself, to overcome an illness which brings the patient to a HIGHER level of health. Orthodox medicine suppresses the illness, bringing the patient to a lower level of health. FACT 12: Outcomes of homeopathic treatment are measured by the LONG TERM curative effects and the complete eradication of the disease state. FACT 13: Homeopathic medicines are used for inherited diseases and trace their origins to six main genetic causes or ‘miasms’: Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Psora (scabies), Cancer, Leprosy. Homeopathic Medicines:- FACT 14: Every true homeopathic medicine is made with ONE SUBSTANCE – whether plant, mineral, metal, etc. The exact substance is known, unlike pharmaceutical drugs which do not always reveal contents. FACT 15: During the production of a homeopathic remedy, the formative intelligence of the substance is imprinted on the alcohol/water medium via the process of succussion (vigorous shaking) between each numerical potency. Remedies are not made using dilution alone. FACT 16: Homeopathic medicines are made using the original substance, plus 40% alcohol as a preservative and 60% distilled water. FACT 17: Any remedy up to a 12c or a 24x potency, known as Avogadro’s number, contains the original measurable molecules of the substance. FACT 18: There are more than 4,000 homeopathic medicines. FACT 19: In 2006, an Arnica gel product was the first homeopathic product to be registered by the MHRA. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/NewsCentre/Pressreleases/CON2025160 FACT 20: Homeopathy works very FAST in acute illnesses, more gradually in chronic illness. FACT 21: High fevers can be lowered within minutes after taking the homeopathic medicine Belladonna and Aconite. FACT 22: Homeopathic remedies are inexpensive to produce and buy. FACT 23: Homeopathic medicines can also be made using a Radionics machine. http://www.homeopathyheals.me.uk/site/featured/317-homeopathy-and-radionics FACT 24: Homeopathic medicines have no toxic side-effects. FACT 25: Homeopathic medicines are NON-ADDICTIVE. FACT 26: Homeopathic medicines work well for small babies, showing this cannot be placebo effect. FACT 27: Homeopathy is safe for women to take during pregnancy and safe for old people. FACT 28: There are thousands of text books on homeopathic medicine, available at specialist outlets, which record historical evidence of homeopathic cures for a vast number of conditions. FACT 29: Homeopathic medicine has been proven extremely effective in Epidemics such as cholera, typhoid, diptheria, yellow fever, polio and influenza and used extensively in the 19th century. http://www.whale.to/v/winston.html http://www.wholehealthnow.com/homeopathy_pro/hahnemann_rev1.html FACT 30: Homeopathy prevented a Leptospirosis Epidemic in Cuba for over 2.4 million people with only 10 reported cases. 99% success rate. http://www.homeopathyeurope.org/news-and-press/news/stunning-cuban-experiences-on-leptospirosis Homeopathy for Animals and Agriculture FACT 31: Homeopathic medicines are used successfully for treating disease in animals, proving that there is no placebo effect. http://www.homeopathyheals.me.uk/site/featured/185-homoeopathy-on-the-farm-works-for-animals FACT 32: Homeopathy is used to treat the cows at Yeo Valley Organic Farms. http://www.yeovalleyorganic.co.uk/#/2010/11 FACT 33: There are courses on homeopathy for farmers.http://www.hawl.co.uk/homoeopathic-vets/ and in 2010 Christine Lees was the Farmers Weekly Livestock Adviser of the Year finalist with advice on homeopathy for animals. http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2010/08/16/122560/2010-FW-Awards-Livestock-Adviser-of-the-Year-finalist-Christine.htm FACT 34: There is a list of homeopathic vets at the British Association of Veterinary Surgeons who treat all animals http://www.bahvs.com/ FACT 35: Homeopathic medicines are used in agriculture, known as Agrohomeopathy. http://www.hpathy.com/papersnew/moreno-agrohomeopathy.asp FACT 36: Wine is produced from grapes using 100% homeopathic agriculture. http://popsop.com/42532 Homeopathic Hospitals FACT 37: There were once fourteen Homeopathic Hospitals in Britain. http://www.homeopathyheals.me.uk/site/homeopathic-hospitals-nhs/237-there-were-fourteen-homeopathic-hospitals-in-britain FACT 38: In the USA, by 1900 there were 22 homeopathic medical schools, more than 100 homeopathic hospitals, over 60 orphan asylums and old people’s homes, and more than 1,000 homeopathic pharmacies. http://www.homeopathic.com/Articles/Introduction_to_Homeopathy/A_Condensed_History_of_Homeopathy.html FACT 39: In 1854 there was a cholera epidemic in London. When the House of Commons asked to see a report about the methods of treatment, patients who had received homeopathic treatment at the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital were not included. The House of Lords demanded an explanation and it was shown that under conventional medical care the death rate was 59.2 per cent but for patients under homeopathic care, only 9 per cent. FACT 40: There were homeopathic hospitals in France, with Neuilly treating soldiers in WW1. http://www.homeoint.org/cazalet/neuilly/index.htm FACT 41: Homeopathy in Russia dates back to 1824. http://ollo.norna.ru/eng/arts/history.htm http://www.homeoint.org/books4/kotok/index.htm FACT 42: At one of the earliest debates on the NHS Act of 1948 the Government pledged that homoeopathy would continue to be available on the NHS, as long as there were “patients wishing to receive it and doctors willing to provide it”. http://homeopathy.wildfalcon.com/archives/2008/02/05/aneurin-bevan-and-homeopathy/ FACT 43: There are now only four homeopathic hospitals in the Britain – in London, Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow. The total cost to the NHS in 2010 was around £4 million a year compared to over £100 billion for the total annual NHS budget! FACT 44: The cost of homeopathic medicine to the NHS in 2010 was £57,000 per annum compared to £11 billion for pharmaceutical medicine. FACT 45: In March 2007 – 208 MPs signed Early Day Motion 1240 to save the NHS Homeopathic Hospitals. http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=33006 FACT 46: In November 2005, the Bristol Homeopathic Hospital published a study of 6500 patients who had received homeopathic treatment showing an overall improvement in health for 70% of them. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/4454856.stm http://www.trusthomeopathy.org/research/homeopathic_hospitals/Bristol_study.html FACT 47: In a survey of 500 patients at the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital, 72% reported being able to stop or reduce their conventional medication. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4504.htm#note102 FACT 48: In 2010, spending on homeopathy in Scotland was a third of the rest of the UK with an annual total of 60,000 prescriptions and the Scottish Government backing the funding. Evidence for Homeopathy from the Glasgow Homeopathy Hospital http://www.adhom.com/adh_download/EVIDENCE_9.0_Sept_06.pdf FACT 49: In 2010, 55,000 patients were treated on the NHS with homeopathic medicine On average, 70% of follow-up patients seen at the homeopathic hospitals report a positive outcome from homeopathic treatment. http://www.britishhomeopathic.org/research/homeopathic_hospitals/ FACT 50: Homeopathic hospitals SAVE money for the NHS, as the Smallwood report commissioned by Prince Charles has demonstrated in 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4312780.stm FACT 51: Homeopathic Hospitals are clean, friendly, with well informed staff and patients are generally pleased with their treatment. The chances of contracting MRSA or C. Difficile at a Homeopathic Hospital are extremely rare. Orthodox Medicine Opposing Homeopathy FACT 52: After its formation in 1847, members of the American Medical Association had great animosity towards homeopathy and decided to purge all local medical societies of physicians who were homeopaths. FACT 53: In 1847, the American Medical Association published a code of ethics which stated that physicians would lose their membership if they consulted with a homeopath. At an AMA meeting, Dr. J.N. McCormack of Kentucky, who was the driving force behind the 1903 reorganisation of the AMA, said: ‘We must admit that we never fought the homeopath on matters of principle. We fought him because he came into the community and got the business.’ FACT 54: In 1858 the British Medical Association also passed internal rules that forbade their members from practising homeopathy or even consulting with a homeopath. FACT 55: In 1910, vigorous attempts to stamp out homeopathy were stepped up in the USA when the Carnegie Foundation commissioned a report by Abraham Flexner, who was chosen to reform American medical education. The report was an evaluation of US medical schools and it gave the homeopathic and herbal colleges a bad rating. In 1900 there had been 22 homeopathic colleges but only two were left in 1923. FACT 56: In 2005 the World Health Organisation brought out a draft report which showed homeopathy was beneficial causing Big Pharma to panic and the Lancet to bring out an editorial entitled ‘The End of Homeopathy’. FACT 57: At the end of August 2005 the Lancet looked at eight inconclusive trials out of 110, of which 102 were positive. “The meta-analysis at the centre of the controversy is based on 110 placebo-controlled clinical trials of homeopathy and 110 clinical trials of allopathy (conventional medicine), which are said to be matched. These were reduced to 21 trials of homeopathy and 9 of conventional medicine of ‘higher quality’ and further reduced to 8 and 6 trials, respectively, which were ‘larger, higher quality’. The final analysis which concluded that ‘the clinical effects of homoeopathy are placebo effects’ was based on just the eight ‘larger, higher quality’ clinical trials of homeopathy. The Lancet’s press release did not mention this, instead giving the impression that the conclusions were based on all 110 trials.” http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1375230 FACT 58: In 2006 there was a campaign by UK Professors to oust homeopathy completely from the NHS. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article1827553.ece and in 2007 they sent a document on NHS headed paper to all Primary Care Trusts telling managers not to refer patients to the homeopathic hospitals. http://dcscience.net/homeopathy_paper_for_nhs_commissioners.pdf FACT 59: There are thousands of Skeptics who spend their time attacking homeopathy on their blogs and websites, especially in the UK. FACT 60: In February 2010, the House of Commons Science & Technology Committee called for an end to funding for homeopathy on the NHS after conducting an Evidence Check in November 2009. Science & Technology Committee Evidence Check on Homeopathy Wednesday 25th November 2009 http://www.parliamentlive.tv/Main/Player.aspx?meetingId=5221 Monday 30th November 2009 http://www.parliamentlive.tv/Main/Player.aspx?meetingId=5257 FACT 61: Only half of the 14 Members of the Science and Technology Committee actually attended the two oral hearings and those MPs who attended appeared to have little knowledge or understanding of it. Of the nine witnesses at the first hearing, only two who had any relevant qualifications – Dr. Peter Fisher, the Queen’s physician and Clinical Director of the Royal London Homeopathic Hospital and Dr. Robert Mathie, Research Development Adviser of the British Homeopathic Association. There was noone called to represent patients. FACT 62: Their Report was voted on by just five of its fourteen members, with only three MPs ratifying it. http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-archive/science-technology/s-t-homeopathy-inquiry/ http://vonsyhomeopathy.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/stop-funding-nhs-homeopathy-mps-urge-who-are-these-mps/#more-293 Science & Technology Committee Evidence Check on Homeopathy REPORT – 22nd February 2010 Evidence Check – 33 Conclusions http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4504.htm FACT 63: Out of a total of 66 written submissions to the Committee, nearly 40 compiled by the homeopathic profession that were positive about homeopathy, was not properly considered. Written Submissions: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/45/4510.htm FACT 64: In May 2010 The British Medical Association called homeopathy Witchcraft http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/alternativemedicine/7728281/Homeopathy-is-witchcraft-say-doctors.html FACT 65: In July 2010 the UK Government came out in favour of continuing the NHS Funding for homeopathy. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_117810 FACT 66: According to BMJ only 11% of NHS treatments are found to be evidence-based medicine with any benefit. http://clinicalevidence.bmj.com/ceweb/about/knowledge.jsp FACT 67: Hundreds of medical doctors have converted to Homeopathy http://homeopathy.wildfalcon.com/?s=converted&submit=Search FACT 68: Unlike orthodox medicine, where the bill for claims for side-effects of pharmaceutical medicines runs into millions, a leading UK insurance company reported only ‘a couple’ of insurance claims against homeopaths in a ten year period! Hence insurance cover for homeopathy is around £70 per year, reflecting low risk. FACT 69: In 200 years, there has never been a single homeopathic medicine recalled, unlike many pharmaceutical medicines. FACT 70: The pharmaceutical industry does not want the Public to discover that homeopathy works! Scientific Studies FACT 71: In 1985 French scientist Jacques Benveniste published his ‘Memory of Water’ research in Nature. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWYlMSHOGBw http://www.lancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2804%2917339-X/fulltext FACT 72: The first clinical trials of medicine where undertaken by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann and called Provings of medicines. 50 – 100 volunteer Provers took the 30c potency of a medicine every two hours until they started experiencing symptoms which were carefully recorded. The group supervisors collected all the data and delivered it to the Proving Master, who was the only person who knew the name of the medicine under trial. That way, all bias was removed. FACT 73: In the past 24 years there have been many clinical trials that prove homeopathy works. there have been more than 180 controlled, and 118 randomized, trials into homeopathy, which were analysed by four separate meta-analyses. In each case, the researchers concluded that the benefits of homeopathy went far beyond that which could be explained purely by the placebo effect. http://avilian.co.uk/2008/08/scientific-research-and-homeopathy-overview/ http://knol.google.com/k/dr-nancy-malik-bhms/scientific-research-in-homeopathy/pocy7w49ru14/2 FACT 74: In 2004 Rustum Roy published The Structure Of Liquid Water; Novel Insights From Materials Research; Potential Relevance To Homeopathy Rustum Roy1, W.A. Tiller2, Iris Bell3, M. R. Hoover4 http://www.rustumroy.com/Roy_Structure%20of%20Water.pdf FACT 75: After carefully studying the structure of homeopathic medicines, a team of researchers from Pennsylvania State University and the University of Arizona reported that by using ‘spectroscopy’ these researchers were able to see distinct structural differences between a homeopathic remedy and plain water, between one remedy and another remedy and between different potencies of the same remedy. Equally important, they replicated the results many times over. www.bodyandsoulclinic.blogspot.com/2007/09/groundbreaking-research-regarding.html FACT 76: In 2008, a major CAM Pilot Project, implemented by Get Well UK, was commissioned by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety in two primary care trusts in Northern Ireland. There was a 79% improvement in the level of health for those who had homeopathic treatment. (see page 31 for Homeopathy) http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/final_report_from_smr_on_the_cam_pilot_project_-_may_2008.pdf FACT 77: In 2001 Professor Madeleine Ennis of Queen’s University Belfast finds homeopathy works. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2001/mar/15/technology2 FACT 78: In 2009 Nobel Prizewinner Luc Montagnier Proves Homeopathy Works http://avilian.co.uk/2009/09/luc-montagnier-foundation-proves-homeopathy-works/ FACT 79: There are more than 90 homeopathic trials on animals http://avilian.co.uk/2008/08/scientific-research-and-homeopathy-animal-studies/ FACT 80: Homeopathy can never be properly tested through double blind randomised trials because each prescription is individualised. Therefore 10 people with arthritis may all need a different homeopathic medicine. Homeopathic Practitioners FACT 81: The homeopathic practitioner endeavours to search for and treat the CAUSE of the disease in order to heal the EFFECT. FACT 82: Homeopathic Practitioners train for three to four years. They study anatomy and physiology, as well as pathology and disease, Materia Medica, Homeopathic Philosophy and the Homeopathic Repertory. FACT 83: Most homeopaths treat patients who have been referred to them by word of mouth. Most patients seek out homeopathy because conventional treatment has not benefitted them or because it poses too great a risk of side-effects. FACT 84: The homeopathic community has thousands, even millions, of written case notes that demonstrate the positive benefits of their treatment. Some homeopaths have video proof of their patients before and after treatment. FACT 85: Homeopaths charge patients an average of £50 an hour, whereas specialist Doctors can charge up to £200 or more. Popularity of Homeopathy:- FACT 86: According to the WHO, homeopathy is the 2nd most popular and widely used medicine in the world. FACT 87: The popularity of homeopathy has grown in the past 30 years, its revival entirely through word of mouth and estimated to be growing at more than 20% a year the world over! FACT 88: Hundreds of famous people throughout the past 200 years have enjoyed the benefits of homeopathic medicine. www.homeopathicrevolution.com FACT 89: Many of the famous swore by it including writers Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Bernard Shaw; artists such as Renoir, van Gogh, Monet and Gaugin and the composers Beethoven, Chopin and Schumann, to name a few. FACT 90: Nowadays many modern celebrities opt to use homeopathic preparations. http://www.ok.co.uk/body/view/1374/Back-to-nature/ FACT 91: That aristocratic patronage of homeopathy in the UK extended well into the 1940s and beyond can be easily demonstrated. In the Homeopathic Medical Directories there are lists of patrons of the dispensaries and hospitals. www.homeopathyhome.com/reference/articles/ukhomhistory.shtml http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/articles/pm_arist.htm FACT 92: The Royal Families of Europe use homeopathic medicine and Queen Elizabeth II of England is reputed to never travel anywhere without her homeopathic medicines. FACT 93: Homeopathy is practised nowadays in countries all over the world. FACT 94: In India there are 100 homeopathic medical schools, around 400,000 registered homeopathic doctors with approximately 13,000 being added every year! There were 28 homoeopathic dispensaries in Delhi in 1978 and now 78. The number of patients taking homeopathic medicines has increased from around 800,000 patients in 1997 to 13,62,174 patients in 2006. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/savvy-marketing-sees-surge-in-alternative-therapies/66042/on FACT 95: 100 million Europeans use homeopathy – 29% of the EU population. http://www.homeopathy-ecch.org/ FACT 96: Homeopathic medicine is used in France by a third of the French population. Almost all French pharmacies dispense it with its use covered by state social security. In 2004, 62% of French mothers used homeopathic medicines in the previous 12 months. A survey of French pharmacists in 2004 found that 94.5 per cent. reported advising pregnant women to use homeopathic medicines. 70% of French doctors are receptive to homeopathy and consider it effective and at least 25,000 of them prescribe homeopathic medicines for their patients. http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=40806&SESSION=903 FACT 97: In Germany 20% of doctors treat patients with homeopathy. FACT 98: In the Netherlands 47% of doctors treat patients with homeopathy. FACT 99: In a 2008 Global TGI survey where people were asked whether they trust homeopathy the following percentages of people living in urban areas said YES: 62% in India, 58% Brazil, 53% Saudi Arabia, Chile 49%, United Arab Emirates 49%, France 40%, South Africa 35%, Russia 28%, Germany 27%, Argentina 25%, Hungary 25%, USA 18%, UK 15%. http://www.tgisurveys.com/documents/TGIbarometerhomeopathy_Jan08.pdf FACT 100: The media as a whole has been unwilling to air a proper defence of the efficacy of homeopathy and the validity of this 200 year old profession.

Transmitting Homeo drugs

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Negative Thinking Boosts Memory !

In a recent Interesting Study which is published in the Australian Science Journal has revealed that Bad moods can actually be good for a person. In this study finding that being sad makes people less gullible ,improves their ability to judge others and also boost memory .This study which was authorized by Psychology Professor Joseph Forgas at the University of New south wales , showed that people in a negative mood were more critical of , and paid more attention to their surroundings than happier people , who are more likely to believe anything they were told. ‘’Whereas positive mood seems to promote creativity, flexibility and reliance on mental shortcuts, negative mood trigger more attentive, careful thinking paying greater attention to the external world.’’For the study Forgas and his team conducted several experiments that started with inducing happy or sad moods in their subjects through watching films and recalling positive or negative events..In one of the experiments , happy and sad participants were asked to judge the truth of urban myths and rumours and found that people in a negative mood were less likely to believe these statements .People in a bad mood were also less likely to make snap decisions based on racial or religious prejudices , and they were less likely to make mistakes when asked to recall an event that they witnessed .The study also found that sad people were better at starting their case through written arguments, Forgas said ‘’ this showed that mildly negative mood may actually promote a more concrete, accommodative and ultimately more successful communication style .’’Positive mood is not universally desirable :people in negative mood are less prone to judgment errors, are more resistible to eyewitness distortions and are better at producing high quality , effective persuasive messages .’’Forgas also wrote that their study suggests that sadness promotes information processing strategies best suited to dealing with more demanding situations’’

Hepatitis C , and Drugs to be Avoided

HEPATITIS C RECOVERY

Variceal Banding.

ASPIRIN MAY CAUSE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

Health researchers warned that Aspirin Can Cause Internal Bleeding ,so patients of Gastrointestinal Bleedings , and and suffering in Dengue Fever may be avoided to use it .Taking aspirin to protect against having a stroke or a heart attack where there is no visible evidence of heart problems should be avoided, according to new medical research published by the DTB (Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin). Aspirin, it says, is capable of inducing significant internal, gastrointestinal bleeding, and there is no concrete link between it and heart disease death prevention.In its report, the DTB calls on doctors to review all their cases in which aspirin has been prescribed as an anti-heart disease measure.Aspirin is frequently prescribed to patients with histories of heart diseases in order to stop future strokes or heart attacks. This is clearly a reactive measure - one that has been both going on for a long time and is known to be beneficial. What the report is saying, though, is that proactive aspirin prescription - issue of the drug pending the possibility of cardiovascular complications - needs to stop. Aspirin: Heart Disease Prevention The number of people in the UK who are being prescribed aspirin as a means of future heart disease prevention is thought to be in the thousands. Over a four-year period beginning in 2005, a number of guidelines were issued that said aspirin should be used as a preventative measure in patients with no previous, evident heart problems, the Bulletin states. Among the patients groups covered were middle-aged-to-elderly Type 2 diabetics and people suffering from elevated blood pressure. Aspirin: Gastrointestinal Bleeding:- More recently, however, a study was published on six assessments that had taken place, and in which 95,000 patients were involved in all. This study -according to the Bulletin - drew attention to the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding episodes taking place within people who had taken aspirin. The same study also suggested that the link between the drug and death rates was fragile."Current evidence for primary prevention suggests the benefits and harms of aspirin in this setting may be more finely balanced than previously thought, even in individuals estimated to be at high risk of experiencing cardiovascular events, including those with diabetes or elevated blood pressure", the Bulletin's editor, Dr Ike Ikeanacho, explained.The new study has the backing of the Royal College of GPs. "Given the evidence, the DTB's statement on aspirin prescription is a sensible one", college chairman Professor Steve Field stated, adding that it would "...support their call for existing guidelines on aspirin prescription to be amended, and for a review of patients currently taking aspirin for prevention."Aspirin (USAN), also known as acetylsalicylic acid (pronounced /əˌsɛtɪlsælɪˌsɪlɪk ˈæsɪd/, abbreviated ASA), is a salicylate drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains, as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication.Aspirin also has an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the production of thromboxane, which under normal circumstances binds platelet molecules together to create a patch over damage of the walls within blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too large and also block blood flow, locally and downstream, aspirin is also used long-term, at low doses, to help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and blood clot formation in people at high risk for developing blood clots.[1] It has also been established that low doses of aspirin may be given immediately after a heart attack to reduce the risk of another heart attack or of the death of cardiac tissue.The main undesirable side effects of aspirin are gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach bleeding, and tinnitus, especially in higher doses. In children and adolescents, aspirin is no longer used to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of chickenpox or other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reye's syndrome.Aspirin was the first discovered member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not all of which are salicylates, although they all have similar effects and most have inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase as their mechanism of action. Today, aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes of it being consumed each year. In countries where Aspirin is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Adverse effects Gastrointestinal:- Aspirin use has been shown to increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. Although some enteric coated formulations of aspirin are advertised as being "gentle to the stomach", in one study enteric coating did not seem to reduce this risk. Combining aspirin with other NSAIDs has also been shown to further increase this risk. Using aspirin in combination with clopidogrel or warfarin also increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Central effects:- Large doses of salicylate, a metabolite of aspirin, have been proposed to cause tinnitus, based on the experiments in rats, via the action on arachidonic acid and NMDA receptors cascade. Other effects:- Aspirin can cause prolonged bleeding after operations for up to 10 days. In one study, thirty patients were observed after their various surgeries. Twenty of the thirty patients had to have an additional unplanned operation because of postoperative bleeding. This diffuse bleeding was associated with aspirin alone or in combination with another NSAID in 19 out of the 20 who had to have another operation owing to bleeding after their operation. The average recovery time for the second operation was 11 days.Aspirin can induce angioedema in some people. In one study, angioedema appeared 1–6 hours after ingesting aspirin in some of the patients participating in the study. However, when the aspirin was taken alone it did not cause angioedema in these patients; the aspirin had been taken in combination with another NSAID-induced drug when angioedema appeared.Aspirin causes an increased risk of cerebral microbleeds that is the appearance on MRI scans of 5–10 mm or smaller hypointense (dark holes) patches.Such cerebral microbleeds are important since they often occur prior to ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage, Binswanger disease and Alzheimers Disease.

MOBILE / WIRELESS PHONE RADIATION IN HOMOEOPATHIC PERSPECTIVE

A study in Sweden ‘s rebro University indicates that mobile phones and other cordless telephones have a biological effect on the Brain .It is still too early to say if any health risks are involved , but medical researchers Fredrik S +derqvist recommends caution in the use of these phones, above all among children and adolescents .Few children who regularly use mobile use a handset often or always ,even though the Swedish Radiation safety Authority recommends this. “Children may be more sensitive than adults to radiation from wireless phones.” Says Fredrik S+derqvist , who is presenting this research findings in a new doctoral thesis at +rebro University.

On the other hand , he examined the use of wireless telephones among children and adolescents, on the other hand, whether adolescents themselves perceive any health problems that might be related to this use. HOMOEOPATHIC WAY OF RESEARCH:- Homoeopathic researchers found that use of mobile phone have some effects on different body organs.They have potentised it to antidote its effects on body . HOMOEOPATHIC PROVINGS:- The following is excerpts from the proving of Mobile phone radiation, published in Homoeopathic Medical Panorama January-March 2002 . Why this proving? There is no need to explain about the hazards of mobile phone radiation as much have brought out by the media. Still its use in every day life is only increasing, as also is the ever-increasing range of symptoms experienced by users. It seemed an obvious choice for a proving. The Substance - Toxicity & Resources Research is currently being conducted around the world on the effects of radiation emission from mobile phones on the brain and is being widely reported in the Media. At present one of the main causes for alarm are the effects of microwave fields on the blood-brain safety barrier, an opening of which may allow proteins and toxins to enter the brain. Some researchers warn that low level radiation from mobile phone handsets heats the brain, causing headaches, memory loss and dizziness. Pharmaceutical Preparation:- We asked two moderate users of mobile phones for their assistance. They were each given a 4g. bottle of lactose which was attached to the mobile phone, and the number and length of calls were logged. They were also requested to avoid leaving the phone and attached lactose close to any other interference such as TV's or microwave ovens, etc. Phone 1: Model: Eriksson GH337 Digital Server: Cellnet Total call exposure time: 5 minutes Phone 2: Model: Nokia 5.1 Digital Server: Orange Total call exposure time: 2 hours, 16 minutes Equal quantities of the two exposed lactose powders were then mixed together and triturated to a 3c in accordance with footnotes to paragraph 270 of the 6th edition of the Organon. Potentisation in liquid form was continued up to a 30c. The Provers:- The proving was started in January 1999. It was conducted using guidelines as laid out in 'The Dynamics and Methodology of Homoeopathic Provings’, by Jeremy Sherr. Seven of the eight provers, all of them females, where given potencies 6c 12c and 30c, one was given placebo (who did not report any symptoms) and one prover attempted antidote after one day so she was exempted from the experiment .The provers were instructed to take up to a maximum of three doses, twice a day, for a maximum of two days, and to stop as soon as symptoms appeared. For the majority, only one or two doses were necessary. Acknowledgements Our heartfelt thanks to all involved: To all the second year students of South Downs School of Homoeopathy without whose total enthusiasm and energy this proving would not have been possible. To Lenise Shaw for her unwavering help in the collation. To Ian Sandon for his support and enthusiasm, and for sharing the arm power involved in the trituration! And to Helios for supplying the finished remedy! The Proving Mind:- Increased alertness and clarity of Ideas, which are more resolute, more cut and dried than normal. Very tired (physically) but mind active. Also dullness of mind. Cannot concentrate. Forgetful. Indifference and indolence towards duty. Confusion, as to what to do. Ordinary tasks take more time. Sensation as if out of space-time integration. Feeling of detachment from self. Restlessness and agitataed. Cheerful and laughing at silly things. Feels emotionally open and so much happy. Feels isolated. Want to hide or get away. Mental calmness. Relaxed. Delusions as the head being carried like a ball on a stick. Tongue becomes fatter. It not working properly so cannot get the words out. Feels very childish and cuddly. Dreams; vivid, busy, frightfull. Vertigo:- Dizzy, light headedness worse going upstairs and moving around. Turning the head. Head Tingling at the very top of head. Head feels watery and blobby. Pain and pressure at temples. Sensation of a deep pressing-ache going invards or downwards alongn the spine. Head ache, premenstrual or at the beginning of the periods. Eyes:- Eyes watering. Weepy eyes, small pupils. Eyes look half sleepy and half drunk. Sensation of eyelash in right eye. Vision blurred in left eye, not better for blinking. Worse concentrating. Clearing when I walked around. Ear:- Brief pulsating pain in right ear, close to surface where the ear joins the face. Both ears blocked on waking, causes mild deafness Nose:- Numbness in nostrils, alternating sides, always begins in the left and goes to right side. Face:- Pain on cheekbone or jawbones, as of two numb spots from gripping of a vice. General numbness over both cheeks. Very itchy nose. Like hair on the nose. Worse over right nostril, as if hair hanging over it. Mouth:- Strange and unpleasant taste in mouth, as of tobacco. Metallic taste. Salivation increased. Tongue feels large , swollen interfering with speech. Stuttering. Teeth:- Strange sensation in lower left molar like great pressure had been exerted on the tooth. Sensation that the tooth has been pushed. There is no pain, but it feels as if silver paper is touching it. Throat :- Coughing. Loads of mucous stuck down throat. External Throat Ring of perspiration around neck, like a halo. Stomach:- Craving for chocolates, coffee. Desire tobacco. Rumbling in stomach with hunger-like empty feeling. No pain. Feeling of pressure after lunch, high in epigastrium, worse right side - almost a burning pain right under lowest rib. Uncomfortable bloated feeling, extending from umbilicus to rib cage. Slightly nauseous, better bending forward. Thirst for cold squash. Abdomen:- Sharp pain on right side of abdomen. About the region of appendix. Abdomen blotted with flatulence. Hemorrhoids with difficult stools. Stool:- Stool soft spiky feeling, orange coloured. Loose and smelling metallic. Kidneys:- Twinging, back, right side. Stabbing pain just over kidney area. Lasted half an hour. Urine :- Urine marmalade-coloured. Female:- Menses late. Flow profuse, bright red. Sharp twinges at left ovary area. Orange-tinged vaginal discharge. Male :- (The proving done only in female volunteers.) Chest:- Restlessness as of energy at chest. Perspiration at chest. Breasts feel very full and swollen, pre-menstrual, or between periods. Nipples tender and sensitive to touch. Back:- Back of neck stiff, also top of shoulders. Slightly burning pain, left scapula, spreading up on left side of neck. Stretching make it burn. Lumbar pain on and off all morning, worse bending forward and backward. Extremities:- Feeling very chilly, especially legs and feet. Wants legs covered and better covering them. Limbs heavy and tired during evening. Varicose veins especially right side. Throbbing veins in right leg, particularly marked in right lower leg, not in the usual place. Sharp pain in right leg, just above the knee in the muscle, worse, walking. Better by being still, or sitting. Sleep:- Yawning, frequent. Sleep, late in getting but deep and refreshed. Night mares. Skin:- Tingling, itching patches, appearing randomly all over body, either side and with no logical pattern, much better by scratching. Generalities:- Feeling of numbness and fornication in general. Wants open air. Intolerance to coverings. General feeling of lassitude

TIPS ABOUT LOOSING WEIGHT

Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). For my patient’s interest and information I here present details about this disease. According to various Medical Dictionaries,Encyclopedias ,Ulcerative colitis is a form of colitis, a disease of the intestine, specifically the large intestine or colon, that includes characteristic ulcers, or open sores, in the colon. The main symptom of active disease is usually constant diarrhea mixed with blood, of gradual onset. Ulcerative colitis is, however, believed to have a systemic etiology that leads to many symptoms outside the intestine. Because of the name, IBD is often confused with irritable bowel syndrome ("IBS"), a troublesome, but much less serious, condition. Ulcerative colitis has similarities to Crohn's disease, another form of IBD. Ulcerative colitis is an intermittent disease, with periods of exacerbated symptoms, and periods that are relatively symptom-free. Although the symptoms of ulcerative colitis can sometimes diminish on their own, the disease usually requires treatment to go into remission.Ulcerative colitis occurs in 35–100 people for every 100,000 in the United States, or less than 0.1% of the population. The disease tends to be more common in northern areas. Although ulcerative colitis has no known cause, there is a presumed genetic component to susceptibility. The disease may be triggered in a susceptible person by environmental factors. Although dietary modification may reduce the discomfort of a person with the disease, ulcerative colitis is not thought to be caused by dietary factors. Although ulcerative colitis is treated as though it were an autoimmune disease, there is no consensus that it is such. Treatment is with anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppression, and biological therapy targeting specific components of the immune response. Colectomy (partial or total removal of the large bowel through surgery) is occasionally necessary, and is considered to be a cure for the disease. Causes While the cause of ulcerative colitis is still unknown, several, possibly interrelated, causes have been suggested. Some think that the smallest illness could spark the disease. Genetic factors.A genetic component to the etiology of ulcerative colitis can be hypothesized based on the following: • Aggregation of ulcerative colitis in families. • Identical twin concordance rate of 10% and dizygotic twin concordance rate of 3% • Ethnic differences in incidence. • Genetic markers and linkages. There are 12 regions of the genome which may be linked to ulcerative colitis. This includes chromosomes 16, 12, 6, 14, 5, 19, 1, 16, and 3 in the order of their discovery. However, none of these loci has been consistently shown to be at fault, suggesting that the disorder arises from the combination of multiple genes. For example, chromosome band 1p36 is one such region thought to be linked to inflammatory bowel disease.Some of the putative regions encode transporter proteins such as OCTN1 and OCTN2. Other potential regions involve cell scaffolding proteins such as the MAGUK family. There are even HLA associations which may be at work. In fact, this linkage on chromosome 6 may be the most convincing and consistent of the genetic candidates. Multiple autoimmune disorders have been recorded with the neurovisceral and cutaneous genetic porphyrias including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, diabetes, systemic and discoid lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, scleroderma, Sjogren's disease and scleritis. Physicians should be on high alert for porphyrias in families with autoimmune disorders and care must be taken with potential porphyrinogenic drugs, including sulfasalazine. Environmental factors:- Many hypotheses have been raised for environmental contributants to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. They include the following: • Diet: as the colon is exposed to many dietary substances which may encourage inflammation, dietary factors have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. There have been few studies to investigate such an association, but one study showed no association of refined sugar on the prevalence of ulcerative colitis. • Diet: A diet low in fermentable dietary fiber may affect ulcerative colitis incidence. • Breastfeeding: There have been conflicting reports of the protection of breastfeeding in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. One Italian study showed a potential protective effect. • Several scientific studies have posted that Accutane is a possible trigger of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative colitis in some individuals. Three cases in the United States have gone to trial thus far, with all three resulting in multi-million dollar judgements against the makers of isotretinoin. There are an additional 425 cases pending.Autoimmune disease.Some sources list ulcerative colitis as an autoimmune disease, a disease in which the immune system malfunctions, attacking some part of the body. In contrast to Crohn's disease, which can affect areas of the gastrointestinal tract outside of the colon, ulcerative colitis usually involves the rectum and is confined to the colon, with occasional involvement of the ileum. This so-called "backwash ileitis" can occur in 10–20% of patients with pancolitis and is believed to be of little clinical significance. Ulcerative colitis can also be associated with comorbidities that produce symptoms in many areas of the body outside the digestive system. Surgical removal of the large intestine often cures the disease. Alternative theories Levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria tend to be higher in persons with ulcerative colitis. This could mean that there are higher levels of hydrogen sulfide in the intestine. An alternative theory suggests that the symptoms of the disease may be caused by toxic effects of the hydrogen sulfide on the cells lining the intestine. may be caused by occlusions in the capillaries of the sub- epithelial linings, degenerated fibers beneath the mucosa and infiltration of the lamina propria with plasma cells. Epidemiology:- The incidence of ulcerative colitis in North America is 10–12 cases per 100,000 per year, with a peak incidence of ulcerative colitis occurring between the ages of 15 and 25. There is thought to be a bimodal distribution in age of onset, with a second peak in incidence occurring in the 6th decade of life. The disease affects females more than males.The geographic distribution of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is similar worldwide, highest incidences in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavia. Higher incidences are seen in northern locations compared to southern locations in Europe and the United States.As with Crohn's disease, the prevalence of ulcerative colitis is greater among Ashkenazi Jews and decreases progressively in other persons of Jewish descent, non-Jewish Caucasians, Africans, Hispanics, and Asians. Clinical presentation:- The clinical presentation[ ulcerative colitis depends on the extent of the disease process. Patients usually present with diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus, of gradual onset. They also may have signs of weight loss, and blood on rectal examination. The disease is usually accompanied with different degrees of abdominal pain, from mild discomfort to severely painful cramps. Ulcerative colitis is associated with a general inflammatory process that affects many parts of the body. Sometimes these associated extra-intestinal symptoms are the initial signs of the disease, such as painful, arthritic knees in a teenager. The presence of the disease cannot be confirmed, however, until the onset of intestinal manifestations. Extent of involvement.Ulcerative colitis is normally continuous from the rectum up the colon. The disease is classified by the extent of involvement, depending on how far up the colon the disease extends:

• Distal colitis, potentially treatable with enemas:

• Proctitis: Involvement limited to the rectum.

• Proctosigmoiditis: Involvement of the rectosigmoid colon, the portion of the colon adjacent to the rectum.

• Left-sided colitis: Involvement of the descending colon, which runs along the patient's left side, up to the splenic flexure and the beginning of the transverse colon.

• Extensive colitis, inflammation extending beyond the reach of enemas:

• Pancolitis: Involvement of the entire colon, extending from the rectum to the cecum, beyond which the small intestine begins.

Severity of disease:- Colonic pseudopolyps of a patient with intractable ulcerative colitis. Colectomy specimen. In addition to the extent of involvement, UC patients may also be characterized by the severity of their disease. • Mild disease correlates with fewer than four stools daily, with or without blood, no systemic signs of toxicity, and a normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). There may be mild abdominal pain or cramping. Patients may believe they are constipated when in fact they are experiencing tenesmus, which is a constant feeling of the need to empty the bowel accompanied by involuntary straining efforts, pain, and cramping with little or no fecal output. Rectal pain is uncommon. • Moderate disease correlates with more than four stools daily, but with minimal signs of toxicity. Patients may display anemia (not requiring transfusions), moderate abdominal pain, and low grade fever, 38 to 39 °C (99.5 to 102.2 °F). • Severe disease, correlates with more than six bloody stools a day, and evidence of toxicity as demonstrated by fever, tachycardia, anemia or an elevated ESR. • Fulminant disease correlates with more than ten bowel movements daily, continuous bleeding, toxicity, abdominal tenderness and distension, blood transfusion requirement and colonic dilation (expansion). Patients in this category may have inflammation extending beyond just the mucosal layer, causing impaired colonic motility and leading to toxic megacolon. If the serous membrane is involved, colonic perforation may ensue. Unless treated, fulminant disease will soon lead to death. Extraintestinal features Patients with ulcerative colitis can occasionally have aphthous ulcers involving the tongue, lips, palate and pharynx.As ulcerative colitis is believed to have a systemic (i.e., autoimmune) origin, patients may present with comorbidities leading to symptoms and complications outside the colon. These include the following: • aphthous ulcers of the mouth • Ophthalmic (involving the eyes):

• Iritis or uveitis, which is inflammation of the iris

• Episcleritis

• Musculoskeletal:

• Seronegative arthritis, which can be a large-joint oligoarthritis (affecting one or two joints), or may affect many small joints of the hands and feet

• Ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis of the spine

• Sacroiliitis, arthritis of the lower spine

• Cutaneous (related to the skin):

• Erythema nodosum, which is a panniculitis, or inflammation of subcutaneous tissue involving the lower extremities

• Pyoderma gangrenosum, which is a painful ulcerating lesion involving the skin

• Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia • clubbing, a deformity of the ends of the fingers • Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a distinct disease that causes inflammation of the bile ducts Similar conditions Endoscopic image of ulcerative colitis affecting the left side of the colon. The image shows confluent superficial ulceration and loss of mucosal architecture. Crohn's disease may be similar in appearance, a fact that can make diagnosing UC a challenge. The following conditions may present in a similar manner as ulcerative colitis, and should be excluded:

• Crohn's disease

• Infectious colitis, which is typically detected on stool cultures

• Pseudomembranous colitis, or Clostridium difficile-associated colitis, bacterial upsets often seen following administration of antibiotics

• Ischemic colitis, inadequate blood supply to the intestine, which typically affects the elderly • Radiation colitis in patients with previous pelvic radiotherapy • Chemical colitis resulting from introduction of harsh chemicals into the colon from an enema or other procedure. Comparison to Crohn's Disease The most common disease that mimics the symptoms of ulcerative colitis is Crohn's disease, as both are inflammatory bowel diseases that can affect the colon with similar symptoms. It is important to differentiate these diseases, since the course of the diseases and treatments may be different. In some cases, however, it may not be possible to tell the difference, in which case the disease is classified as indeterminate colitis.Comparisons of various factors in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Crohn's Disease Ulcerative Colitis .Involves terminal ileum?Commonly Seldom Involves colon? Usually Always .Involves rectum? Seldom Usually.Peri-anal involvement? Commonly Seldom.Bile duct involvement? Not associated Higher rate of Primary sclerosing cholangitis.Distribution of Disease Patchy areas of inflammation Continuous area of inflammation Endoscopy Linear and serpiginous (snake-like) ulcers Continuous ulcer Depth of inflammation May be transmural, deep into tissues Shallow, mucosal .Fistulae, abnormal passageways between organs Commonly Seldom.Biopsy Can have granulomata Crypt abscesses and cryptitis .Surgical cure? Often returns following removal of affected part Usually cured by removal of colon, can be followed by pouchitis.Smoking Higher risk for smokers Lower risk for smokers.Autoimmune disease? Generally regarded as an autoimmune disease No consensus Cancer risk? Lower than ulcerative colitis Higher than Crohn's Diagnosis and workup General:- The initial diagnostic workup for ulcerative colitis includes the following: • A complete blood count is done to check for anemia; thrombocytosis, a high platelet count, is occasionally seen • Electrolyte studies and renal function tests are done, as chronic diarrhea may be associated with hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and pre-renal failure. • Liver function tests are performed to screen for bile duct involvement: primary sclerosing cholangitis. • X-ray • Urinalysis • Stool culture, to rule out parasites and infectious causes. • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate can be measured, with an elevated sedimentation rate indicating that an inflammatory process is present. • C-reactive protein can be measured, with an elevated level being another indication of inflammation. Although ulcerative colitis is a disease of unknown causation, inquiry should be made as to unusual factors believed to trigger the disease. may include: recent cessation of tobacco smoking; recent administration of large doses of iron or vitamin B6; hydrogen peroxide in enemas or other procedures. Endoscopic:- Biopsy sample (H&E stain) that demonstrates marked lymphocytic infiltration (blue/purple) of the intestinal mucosa and architectural distortion of the crypts. The best test for diagnosis of ulcerative colitis remains endoscopy. Full colonoscopy to the cecum and entry into the terminal ileum is attempted only if diagnosis of UC is unclear. Otherwise, a flexible sigmoidoscopy is sufficient to support the diagnosis. The physician may elect to limit the extent of the exam if severe colitis is encountered to minimize the risk of perforation of the colon. Endoscopic findings in ulcerative colitis include the following: • Loss of the vascular appearance of the colon • Erythema (or redness of the mucosa) and friability of the mucosa • Superficial ulceration, which may be confluent, and • Pseudopolyps. Ulcerative colitis is usually continuous from the rectum, with the rectum almost universally being involved. There is rarely peri-anal disease, but cases have been reported. The degree of involvement endoscopically ranges from proctitis or inflammation of the rectum, to left sided colitis, to pancolitis, which is inflammation involving the ascending colon. Histologic Biopsies of the mucosa are taken to definitively diagnose UC and differentiate it from Crohn's disease, which is managed differently clinically. Microbiological samples are typically taken at the time of endoscopy. The pathology in ulcerative colitis typically involves distortion of crypt architecture, inflammation of crypts (cryptitis), frank crypt abscesses, and hemorrhage or inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. In cases where the clinical picture is unclear, the histomorphologic analysis often plays a pivotal role in determining the diagnosis and thus the management. By contrast, a biopsy analysis may be indeterminate, and thus the clinical progression of the disease must inform its treatment. Course and complications Progression or remission Patients with ulcerative colitis usually have an intermittent course, with periods of disease inactivity alternating with "flares" of disease. Patients with proctitis or left-sided colitis usually have a more benign course: only 15% progress proximally with their disease, and up to 20% can have sustained remission in the absence of any therapy. Patients with more extensive disease are less likely to sustain remission, but the rate of remission is independent of the severity of disease. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer There is a significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis after 10 years if involvement is beyond the splenic flexure. Those with only proctitis or rectosigmoiditis usually have no increased risk. It is recommended that patients have screening colonoscopies with random biopsies to look for dysplasia after eight years of disease activity. Primary sclerosing cholangitis:- Ulcerative colitis has a significant association with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a progressive inflammatory disorder of small and large bile ducts. As many as 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis may progress to develop primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mortality.The effect of ulcerative colitis on mortality is unclear, but it is thought that the disease primarily affects quality of life, and not lifespan. Treatment:- Standard treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on extent of involvement and disease severity. The goal is to induce remission initially with medications, followed by the administration of maintenance medications to prevent a relapse of the disease. The concept of induction of remission and maintenance of remission is very important. The medications used to induce and maintain a remission somewhat overlap, but the treatments are different. Physicians first direct treatment to inducing a remission which involves relief of symptoms and mucosal healing of the lining of the colon and then longer term treatment to maintain the remission. Drugs used:- Aminosalicylates Sulfasalazine has been a major agent in the therapy of mild to moderate UC for over 50 years. In 1977 Mastan S.Kalsi et al. determined that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA and mesalazine) was the therapeutically active compound in sulfasalazine. Since then many 5-ASA compounds have been developed with the aim of maintaining efficacy but reducing the common side effects associated with the sulfapyridine moiety in sulfasalazine.[24] • Mesalazine, also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid, mesalamine, or 5-ASA. Brand name formulations include Asacol, Pentasa, Mezavant, Lialda, and Salofalk. • Sulfasalazine, also known as Azulfidine. • Balsalazide, also known as Colazal or Colazide (UK). • Olsalazine, also known as Dipentum. Corticosteroids:- • Cortisone • Prednisone • Prednisolone • Cortifoam • Hydrocortisone • Methylprednisolone • Beclometasone • Budesonide - under the brand name of Entocort Immunosuppressive drugs:- • Mercaptopurine, also known as 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-MP and Purinethol. • Azathioprine, also known as Imuran, Azasan or Azamun, which metabolises to 6-MP. • Methotrexate, which inhibits folic acid • Tacrolimus Biological treatment • Infliximab • Visilizumab Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) e.g. clexane is used in acute management of the flare of UC. Surgery:- Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis can generally be cured by surgical removal of the large intestine. This procedure is necessary in the event of: exsanguinating hemorrhage, frank perforation or documented or strongly suspected carcinoma. Surgery is also indicated for patients with severe colitis or toxic megacolon. Patients with symptoms that are disabling and do not respond to drugs may wish to consider whether surgery would improve the quality of life. Ulcerative colitis is a disease that affects many parts of the body outside the intestinal tract. In rare cases the extra-intestinal manifestations of the disease may require removal of the colon. Alternative treatments:- About 21% of inflammatory bowel disease patients use alternative treatments. A variety of dietary treatments show promise, but they require further research before they can be recommended.In vitro research, animal evidence, and limited human study suggest that melatonin may be beneficial. Smoking Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis has a lesser prevalence in smokers than non-smokers. Nonetheless, the risks of smoking contraindicate using cigarettes as a treatment for ulcerative colitis. Patients who choose to use smoking as a treatment should give serious consideration to the links between smoking cessation and the onset or relapse of ulcerative colitis. Dietary modification:- Dietary fibre, meaning indigestible plant matter, has been recommended for decades in the maintenance of bowel function. Of peculiar note is fibre from brassica, which seems to contain soluble constituents capable of reversing ulcers along the entire human digestive tract before it is cooked. Oatmeal is also commonly prescribed. Fats and oils:- • Fish oil. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), derived from fish oil. This is an Eicosanoid that inhibits leukotriene activity, the latter which may be a key factor of inflammation. As an IBD therapy, there are no conclusive studies in support and no recommended dosage. But dosages of EPA between 180 to 1500 mg/day are recommended for other conditions, most commonly cardiac. • Short chain fatty acid (butyrate) enema. The colon utilizes butyrate from the contents of the intestine as an energy source. The amount of butyrate available decreases toward the rectum. Inadequate butyrate levels in the lower intestine have been suggested as a contributing factor for the disease. This might be addressed through butyrate enemas. The results however are not conclusive. Herbals:- • Herbal medications are used by patients with ulcerative colitis. Compounds that contain sulphydryl may have an effect in ulcerative colitis (under a similar hypothesis that the sulpha moiety of sulfasalazine may have activity in addition to the active 5-ASA component). randomized control trial evaluated the over-the-counter medication methionine-methyl sulphonium chloride (abbreviated MMSC, but more commonly referred to as Vitamin U) and found a significant decreased rate of relapse when the medication was used in conjunction with oral sulfasalazine. Bacterial recolonization • Probiotics may have benefit. One study which looked at a probiotic known as VSL#3 has shown promise for people with ulcerative colitis. Fecal bacteriotherapy involves the infusion of human probiotics through fecal enemas It suggests that the cause of ulcerative colitis may be a previous infection by a still unknown pathogen. This initial infection resolves itself naturally, but somehow causes an imbalance in the colonic bacterial flora, leading to a cycle of inflammation which can be broken by "recolonizing" the colon with bacteria from a healthy bowel. There have been several reported cases of patients who have remained in remission for up to 13 years.Intestinal parasites.Inflammatory bowel disease is less common in the developing world. Some have suggested that this may be because intestinal parasites are more common in underdeveloped countries. Some parasites are able to reduce the immune response of the intestine, an adaptation that helps the parasite colonize the intestine. The decrease in immune response could reduce or eliminate the inflammatory bowel disease.Helminthic therapy using the whipworm Trichuris suis has been shown in a randomized control trial from Iowa to show benefit in patients with ulcerative colitis. The therapy tests the hygiene hypothesis which argues that the absence of helminths in the colons of patients in the developed world may lead to inflammation. Both helminthic therapy and fecal bacteriotherapy induce a characteristic Th2 white cell response in the diseased areas, which is somewhat paradoxical given that ulcerative colitis immunology was thought to classically involve Th2 overproduction. Ongoing research:- Recent evidence from the ACT-1 trial suggests that infliximab may have a greater role in inducing and maintaining disease remission.An increased amount of colonic sulfate-reducing bacteria has been observed in some patients with ulcerative colitis, resulting in higher concentrations of the toxic gas hydrogen sulfide. The role of hydrogen sulfide in pathogenesis is unclear. It has been suggested that the protective benefit of smoking that some patients report is due to hydrogen cyanide from cigarette smoke reacting with hydrogen sulfide to produce the nontoxic isothiocyanate. Another unrelated study suggested sulphur contained in red meats and alcohol may lead to an increased risk of relapse for patients in remission. There is much research currently being done to elucidate further genetic markers in ulcerative colitis. Linkage with Human Leukocyte Antigen B-27, associated with other autoimmune diseases, has been proposed.Low dose naltrexone is under study for treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative Colitis and Homoeopathy:- Homoeopathy has an effective solution for ulcerative colitis. It can (in the long run) control and cure even the severest forms of ulcerative colitis .An additional benefit with homoeopathy is the safety of the treatment; carefully prescribed medicines for ulcerative colitis do not produce any side-effects .The symptoms produced by ulcerative colitis depend upon the area in which it affects. When ulcerative colitis affects only the rectum (terminal part of the intestine), rectal bleeding may be the only sign. Some may experience a constant desire to pass stool (also known as tenesmus).Homoeopathic medicines can be of great help in treating ulcerative colitis. As it is a symptom-based system of medicine, the choice of medicine for ulcerative colitis depends totally on the individual symptoms of the patient .The most commonly used homoeopathic medicines in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are Merc Sol , Merc Cor, Nux Vomica, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Hamemelis, Ferrum Phos and Ferrum Metallicum .Merc Sol leads the table and is very useful for a classical case of ulcerative colitis; where the symptoms are of bloody slimy stool with a strong and constant desire to pass stool and the “never get-done” feeling is present .Hamemelis is useful in controlling the bleeding aspect of the disease. Ferrum phos and ferrum metallicum are useful for correcting anaemia ( low hemoglobin levels in blood). Medicines should, however, be used only under professional guidance and according to their symptoms.A chronic problem caused by inflammation of the lower bowel. The symptoms include severe, cramping pain of the abdomen, constant pressure on the rectum and diarrhea which can be watery but has mucus and blood.As I narrated above with Homoepathic remedies it is cured satisfactrily and more safely, Here is some more Homoeo remedies for this problem, It is merely an information a registered and experienced Homoeopath Physician choose a remedy suitable according to the symptoms of the patient. Consujltation is must for fully treatment. HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES FOR ULCERATIVE COLLITIS:- ACETIC ACID 30: • Violent, burning pain in stomach and chest. Ulceration. • Burning thirst. But cold drinks distress. • Vomits any food. • Haemorrhage from bowels. • Skin cold. Sweat on forhead cold. LACHESIS 200: • Colitis with offensive diarrhea. • Haemorrhage from bowels like charred straw, black particles. • Bowels perforated by ulcers, causing severe pain. • Constant pressure in the rectum but no stool. • Paroxysmal hot flushes. Chilly in back. Feet very cold. MERC COR 30: • Stool hot, bloody, slimy, offensive. Cutting pain. Shreds of mucous membrane in stool. • Dysentery not relieved by stool. • Constant desire to pass stool. • Chilly. Profuse persipiration. Fever with chill. SULPHUR 200 (Start the treatment of colitis with sulphur 200, twice a day. In a large number of cases no other remedy would be needed.): • Great acidity, painful, burning, weightlike pressure. • Complete loss of appetite. • Frequent flushes of heat. • Very weak and faint about 11:00 A.M. TRILLIUM 30: • Chronic diarrhea of mucus with blood. • Great faintness and dizziness.

TETANUS/LOCKJAW

A serious illness in which bacterial infection causes acute contraptions of the muscles of the jaw and the neck. The patient experiences stiffness and pain in the jaw, with rise in temperature. Swallowing is difficult. There is headache and sweating .Immediate medical attention is required because tetanus can be fetal. Decfinition :- According to the Medical Dictioneris Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a medical condition characterized by a prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The primary symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. Infection generally occurs through wound contamination and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. As the infection progresses, muscle spasms develop in the jaw (thus the name "lockjaw") and elsewhere in the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis. Signs and symptoms:- Tetanus affects skeletal muscle, a type of striated muscle used in voluntary movement. The other type of striated muscle, cardiac or heart muscle, cannot be tetanized because of its intrinsic electrical properties. Mortality rates reported vary from 40% to 78%. In recent years, approximately 11% of reported tetanus cases have been fatal. The highest mortality rates are in unvaccinated persons and persons over 60 years of age. The incubation period of tetanus may be up to several months but is usually about 8 days. In general, the further the injury site is from the central nervous system, the longer the incubation period. The shorter the incubation period, the more severe the symptoms. In neonatal tetanus, symptoms usually appear from 4 to 14 days after birth, averaging about 7 days. On the basis of clinical findings, four different forms of tetanus have been described. Generalized tetanus is the most common type of tetanus, representing about 80% of cases. The generalized form usually presents with a descending pattern. The first sign is trismus, or lockjaw, and the facial spasms called risus sardonicus, followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, and rigidity of pectoral and calf muscles. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, sweating, elevated blood pressure, and episodic rapid heart rate. Spasms may occur frequently and last for several minutes with the body shaped into a characteristic form called opisthotonos. Spasms continue for 3–4 weeks, and complete recovery may take months. Neonatal tetanus is a form of generalized tetanus that occurs in newborns. Infants who have not acquired passive immunity because the mother has never been immunized are at risk. It usually occurs through infection of the unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the stump is cut with a non-sterile instrument. Neonatal tetanus is common in many developing countries and is responsible for about 14% (215,000) of all neonatal deaths, but is very rare in developed countries. Local tetanus is an uncommon form of the disease, in which patients have persistent contraction of muscles in the same anatomic area as the injury. The contractions may persist for many weeks before gradually subsiding. Local tetanus is generally milder; only about 1% of cases are fatal, but it may precede the onset of generalized tetanus. Cephalic tetanus is a rare form of the disease, occasionally occurring with otitis media (ear infections) in which C. tetani is present in the flora of the middle ear, or following injuries to the head. There is involvement of the cranial nerves, especially in the facial area. Pathophysiology:- Tetanus begins when spores of Clostridium tetani enter damaged tissue. The spores transform into rod-shaped bacteria and produce the neurotoxin tetanospasmin (also known as tetanus toxin). This toxin is inactive inside the bacteria, but when the bacteria dies, it is released and activated by proteases. Active tetanospasmin is carried by retrograde axonal transport to the spinal cord and brain stem where it binds irreversibly to receptors at these sites. It cleaves membrane proteins involved in neuroexocytosis, which in turn blocks neurotransmission. Ultimately, this produces the symptoms of the disease. Damaged upper motor neurons can no longer inhibit lower motor neurons, plus they cannot control reflex responses to afferent sensory stimuli. Both mechanisms produce the hallmark muscle rigidity and spasms. Similarly, a lack of neural control of the adrenal glands results in release of catecholamines, thus producing a hypersympathetic state and widespread autonomic instability. C. tetani also produces tetanolysin, another toxin whose role in tetanus is unknown. Diagnosis :- There are no blood tests that can be used to diagnose tetanus. The diagnosis is based on the presentation of tetanus symptoms and does not depend upon isolation of the bacteria, which is recovered from the wound in only 30% of cases and can be isolated from patients who do not have tetanus. Laboratory identification of C. tetani can only be demonstrated by production of tetanospasmin in mice. The "spatula test" is a clinical test for tetanus that involves touching the posterior pharyngeal wall with a sterile, soft-tipped instrument, and observing the effect. A positive test result is the involuntary contraction of the jaw (biting down on the "spatula"), and a negative test result would normally be a gag reflex attempting to expel the foreign object. A short report in The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene states that in a patient research study, the spatula test had a high specificity (zero false-positive test results) and a high sensitivity (94% of infected patients produced a positive test result). In Homoeopathy Tatanus is treated without any harmful side effects.In this way of treatment also Prophylaxis which can prevent Tetanus. HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES:- CICUTA 200: • Convulsion. • Loss of consciousness. • Face dark red. Mouth frothing. • Spasm of masiticatory muscels. • Raised temperature, headache and sweating. • Oppressed breathing. • From injury inflicted upon head and spinal coloumn. HYPERICUM 200: • Tetanus feared after punctured wound. Pain shoots up ine the wound along the nerves. • After development of tetanus. • To follow ledum in early stages. In later stages only Hypericum. LEDUM 200: • First remedy when tetanus is feared. As soon as a wound has been inflicted. Prevents tetanus. NUX VOMICA 200: • Violent convulsions of the whole body. Extreme rigidity of the limbs. • Eyes destroyed, face red. • Chest drawn in, causing difficulty in breathing. • Spasm preceded by violent chills and shuddering. PASSIFLORIA INC (Mother tincture. Thirty drops dose every hour): • Extreme rigidity of muscles of the neck and of shoulders. • Difficulty in swallowing. • Tetanus from punctured wounds.

NIGHTMARES

Definition :- According to the encyclopaedia A nightmare is an unpleasant dream. Nightmares cause strong unpleasant emotional responses from the sleeper, typically fear or horror. The dream may contain situation(s) of danger, discomfort, psychological or physical distress. Such dreams can be related to physical causes such as a high fever; in an uncomfortable or awkward position; stress or post traumatic experiences. Sometimes there may not readily be an explanation. If a person has experienced a psychological trauma, the said experience may haunt them in their nightmares. Sleepers may be waken in a state of distress, and be unable to get back to sleep for some time. Eating before bed, which triggers an increase in the body's metabolism and brain activity, is another potential stimulus for nightmares.The term "nightmare" used to refer to what is now called Sleep Paralysis in the 19th century and earlier. Occasional nightmares are commonplace, but recurrent nightmares can interfere with sleep and may cause people to seek medical help. A recently proposed treatment consists of imagery rehearsal. This approach appears to reduce the effects of nightmares and other symptoms in acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical investigation:- Studies of dreams have found that about three quarters of dream content or emotions are negative .One definition of "nightmare" is a dream which causes one to wake up in the middle of the sleep cycle and experience a negative emotion, such as fear. This type of event occurs on average once per month. They are not common in children under 5, more common in young children (25% experiencing a nightmare at least once per week), most common in adolescents, and less common in adults (dropping in frequency about one-third from age 25 to 55). Fearfulness in waking life is correlated with the incidence of nightmares .In Homoeopathy there is cure without any side harmful effects HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES :- ACCONITE NAP 30: • Anxious dreams, ravings. CALC CARB 30: • Some disagreeable ideas always arouse from night slumbers. • Night terrors. HYOSCYAMUS 200: • Intense sleeplessness. • Nervous system disturbed. Starts up frightened. • Insomnia in delirium. SPONGIA 30: • Wakes up in fright. Feels as if suffocated.